Science
Potential Allergens in Vaccines per 0.5 mL dose – Institute for Vaccine Safety
Vaccine Excipients per 0.5 mL dose – Institute for Vaccine Safety
Food Allergy-Induced Autism-Like Behavior is Associated with Gut Microbiota and Brain mTOR Signaling
https://www.dovepress.com/food-allergy-induced-autism-like-behavior-is-associated-with-gut-micro-peer-reviewed-fulltext-article-JAA
“We hypothesize that perturbation of the gut microbiota leads to changes in the immune system and the gut-brain axis, which may affect the occurrence of autism (allergy-induced autism).”
General Allergy, Anaphylaxis, Asthma connected to vaccines or vaccine ingredients
Beware of α‐lactalbumin as a hidden allergen in measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine in the patients with cow’s milk allergy
https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Beware-of-%CE%B1%E2%80%90lactalbumin-as-a-hidden-allergen-in-and-Yucel-Karavaizoglu/d9b8c3b7b3d0cfff7e546acd33f3c82233ddfcef
“Cow’s milk and hen’s egg are the most common food allergies in infants and young children.1 Cow’s milk contains more than 20 different proteins and glycoproteins. Casein (Bos d 8) and its subgroups consist of 80% of cow’s milk allergens, and the rest of them are whey proteins such as βlactoglobulin (Bos d 5), αlactalbumin (Bos d 4), bovine serum albumin (Bos d 6), and various other proteins. Anaphylactic reactions have been reported in a small number of cases after measles, rubella, and mumps (MMR) vaccination for several decades. Previously, there were some concerns regarding risk of allergic reaction following MMR vaccination in eggallergic children due to the use of chicken embryonic fibroblasts as culture medium. Since MMR vaccine contains less than the minimum amount of egg antigen required to elicit an allergic reaction, currently guidelines recommend that children with egg allergy can be safely vaccinated with MMR vaccine in primary care settings.2 In late 1990s and early 2000s, gelatin was considered to be the responsible ingredient of the vaccine for anaphylactic reactions.1,3 After switching to a hypoallergenic form of gelatin or gelatinfree vaccines, reports of anaphylaxis with live MMR vaccines had dramatically decreased. However, in recent reports, anaphylactic reactions with measles vaccine have been reported in patients with cow’s milk allergy due to the αlactalbumin component of the vaccine.4,5 To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of anaphylaxis in children with severe cow’s milk allergy after the MMR vaccine associated with the alphalactoglobulin component of milk.”
Reaction to dermal filler following COVID-19 vaccination
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jocd.14566
“This brief clinical vignette showcases the localized dramatic and pronounced skin swelling associated with the Moderna COVID-19 vaccine and dermal fillers. This reaction is thought to represent a delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction to an immunologic trigger following COVID-19 vaccination. Theoretically, hyaluronic acid-based fillers could act as adjuvants that enhance an antigen-specific immune response, particularly in individuals with risk factors of previous vaccine reaction, allergy, or urticaria.”
Temporary exacerbation of pre-existing psoriasis and eczema in the context of COVID-19 mRNA booster vaccination: a case report and review of the literature.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC8683365/
“In view of increasing booster dose approvals in many countries worldwide, it is important for dermatologists to be familiar with possible cutaneous adverse events with booster doses. We report two cases of exacerbation of underlying dermatosis after booster doses.”
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1913 – Charles Richet
http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1913/richet-bio.html
“In 1913, he was awarded the Nobel Prize for his researches on anaphylaxis. He invented this word to designate the sensitivity developed by an organism after it had been given a parenteral injection of a colloid or protein substance or a toxin (1902).”
Cumulative inactivated vaccine exposure and allergy development among children: a birth cohort from Japan
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7341599/
“Although we recognise that immunisation is indispensable for the global elimination of various diseases, this large-scale birth cohort study demonstrated that the prevalence of asthma, wheeze and eczema in children at 12 months of age was associated with the administration of a larger number of types of inactivated vaccines at the initial immunisation before 6 months of age. Despite this association, we strongly support the global vaccination strategy and do not recommend that immunisation be halted.”
Health effects in vaccinated versus unvaccinated children, with covariates for breastfeeding status and type of birth
https://www.oatext.com/health-effects-in-vaccinated-versus-unvaccinated-children-with-covariates-for-breastfeeding-status-and-type-of-birth.php
“In this study, higher ORs were observed within the vaccinated versus unvaccinated groups for several adverse health conditions. Further research is essential to understand the full scope of health effects associated with childhood vaccination.”
Similar studies have been published previously by Hooker and Miller (2020), Lyons-Weiler and Thomas (2021) and Mawson et al. (2017).
Adverse Events Following SARS-CoV-2 mRNA Vaccination in Adolescents: A Norwegian Nationwide Register-Based Study
https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.12.13.23299926v1
“We found increased risks of anaphylactic reaction, lymphadenopathy, and myocarditis and pericarditis following second-dose vaccination. There were also indications of increased acute appendicitis risk when applying longer risk windows.”
Vaccine allergy: evidence to consider for COVID-19 vaccines
https://journals.lww.com/co-allergy/fulltext/2021/08000/vaccine_allergy__evidence_to_consider_for_covid_19.14.aspx
“Summary – The underlying immunological mechanisms of the rare severe allergic reactions to the COVID-19 vaccines are poorly understood and need to be clarified. Identifying those who have an undiagnosed allergy to PEG and PEG derivatives is crucial before vaccination, and these substances are found in laxatives, cosmetics and in 30% of all our medications today.”
COVID arm as a common cutaneous manifestation after mRNA-1273 vaccination: a systematic review
https://bmcinfectdis.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12879-022-07973-4
“The term “COVID arm” in the US or “Moderna arm” in Japan is a local, delayed-onset, transient, adverse cutaneous manifestation around the vaccination injection site.”
COVID-19 Vaccines and the Skin – The Landscape of Cutaneous Vaccine Reactions Worldwide
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8165093/
mRNA-1273 but not BNT162b2 induces antibodies against polyethylene glycol (PEG) contained in mRNA-based vaccine formulations
https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.04.15.22273914v1
Autopsy Histopathologic Cardiac Findings in 2 Adolescents Following the Second COVID-19 Vaccine Dose: Cytokine Storm, Hypersensitivity, or Something Else
https://meridian.allenpress.com/aplm/article/146/8/924/480143/Autopsy-Histopathologic-Cardiac-Findings-in-2
“We read with interest the important report published in Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine describing 2 teenagers who were found dead 3 and 4 days after the second dose of the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine.”
Allergic Reactions Including Anaphylaxis After Receipt of the First Dose of Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 Vaccine — United States, December 14–23, 2020
https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/mm7002e1.htm
“Early safety monitoring of the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine has detected 21 cases of anaphylaxis after reported administration of 1,893,360 first doses of Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine (11.1 cases per million vaccine doses administered) as well as cases of less severe nonanaphylaxis allergic reactions, based on U.S. data for December 14–23, 2020. Most (86%) anaphylaxis cases had symptom onset within 30 minutes of vaccination, and most persons with anaphylaxis (81%) had a history of allergies or allergic reactions, including some with previous anaphylaxis events; up to 30% of persons in the general population might have some type of allergy or history of allergic reactions.”
Clinical and Histopathological Spectrum of Delayed Adverse Cutaneous Reactions Following COVID-19 Vaccination
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34292611/
“As more people become vaccinated against the SARS-CoV-2 virus, reports of delayed cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions are beginning to emerge.”
Hypertensive Anaphylaxis After Moderna COVID-19 Vaccination: A Case Report
https://www.cureus.com/articles/96828-hypertensive-anaphylaxis-after-moderna-covid-19-vaccination-a-case-report
“Forty-five minutes after the vaccination, stridor was noted, and the patient developed severe hypertension with a blood pressure of 197/153 mmHg. The patient also had tachycardia, cervical angioedema, and nausea, which occurred in a short period of time, indicating type I hypersensitivity reaction, that is, an anaphylactic reaction.”
Delayed-Onset Anaphylaxis Caused by IgE Response to Influenza Vaccination
https://e-aair.org/DOIx.php?id=10.4168/aair.2020.12.2.359
“Delayed-onset anaphylaxis after influenza vaccination can occur in children without predisposing allergic diseases. In addition, the results suggested that formulation and production system of influenza vaccines could affect the probability of severe allergic reaction to vaccines. … Vaccines contain numerous components that cause allergic reactions. 2,5 In relation to influenza vaccines, vaccine-associated anaphylaxis has been a concern in egg allergy patients because of classic vaccine production process using embryonated chicken eggs. Egg-based production could increase the chance of egg-adapted changes in viruses. 2,7 However, the rate of anaphylaxis after influenza vaccination is not greater in recipients with egg allergy than those without. Moreover, egg-free influenza vaccines are known to induce anaphylaxis following vaccination. 2,8 This might be due to repeated vaccination with influenza hemagglutinin split vaccines, which are reported to induce IgE sensitization against the influenza vaccines, irrespective of the subtypes of influenza viruses. 7,9 Additionally, in the aspect of viral antigens, split vaccines still contain internal viral proteins despite disruption, which might stimulate CD4 T cells inducing Th2 responses. This might be the reason for undesired allergic responses. 7,10 However, subunit vaccines containing purified and enriched surface antigens of influenza virus could induce humoral responses alone. 7,9 Overall, split formulation of influenza vaccines has been suggested to prevent the potential risk of IgE sensitization or unnecessary immune reactions.”
Differential induction of trained innate immunity following early-life immunization with aluminum adjuvant results in preferential priming of Th2-biased immune responses
https://www.jacionline.org/article/S0091-6749(21)02336-8/fulltext
“Conclusions – Immunization with alum in early life predisposes towards induction of Th2-biased immunity to subsequent allergen exposure likely through induction of trained immunity that prolongs the Th2 bias of the infant immune system. Because vaccines are crucial elements of health in infancy, furthering our understanding of early-life immunization will be critical moving forward in the design of vaccines for infants to reduce bystander immune events triggered by alum immunization.”
Effect of endotoxin and alum adjuvant vaccine on peanut allergy
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0091674917314379
“Environmental influences play a significant role in host immune responses, and it is hypothesized that environmental changes might be responsible for enhanced allergy prevalence. The hygiene hypothesis proposed that smaller families and increased cleanliness reduce infectious diseases (and thereby endotoxin exposure) in a household and contribute to enhanced allergic disease. Vaccines can reduce microbial exposure by preventing infections, and vaccine adjuvants, such as alum, can promote allergies in genetically predisposed population. Alum induces Th2 responses to coadministered antigens and potentially to unrelated environmental allergens, this providing bystander (heterologous) responses that contribute to allergic disease. Modification of childhood vaccines by the addition of Th!-enhancing Toll-like receptor ligand adjuvants, such as monophosphoryl lipd A (MPL or CpG to alum might reduce the Th2-skewing activity of alum and balance host immunity to reduce the development of allergic disease.”
Alum-Containing Vaccines Increase Total and Food Allergen-Specific IgE, and Cow’s Milk Oral Desensitization Increases Bosd4 IgG4 While Peanut Avoidance Increases Arah2 IgE: The Complexity of Today’s Child with Food Allergy (pdf)
http://www.jacionline.org/article/S0091-6749%2815%2902364-7/pdf
“The era of food allergy began with the post-millennial generation, the same faction who received new immunizations during early childhood. Many of these vaccines contain alum, an adjuvant known to induce allergic phenotypes. … “CONCLUSIONS: Alum-containing vaccines increased IgE”
Changes in IgE Levels Following One-Year Immunizations in Two Children with Food Allergy
https://wao.confex.com/wao/2015symp/webprogram/Paper9336.html
“We report two cases of children who were sensitized to food allergens whose serum IgE levels increased after immunizations. Case 1 shows total IgE and food allergen-specific IgE values that decreased from 8-12 months of age, a time interval during which she received no intramuscular alum. Three weeks after she received four vaccines (two of which contained alum), all of her IgE levels increased. In Case 2, the boy received three vaccines (one of which contained alum), and his total and egg IgE increased. The results raise the hypothesis that alum-containing vaccines may increase, at least temporarily, the production of allergen-specific IgE levels.”
Cold Contact Urticaria Following Vaccination: Four Cases
https://www.ingentaconnect.com/contentone/mjl/adv/2016/00000096/00000006/art00039?crawler=true
“We report here, for the first time, 4 cases of CCU that developed following vaccination, which suggests a link between these events.”
Evidence that Food Proteins in Vaccines Cause the Development of Food Allergies and Its Implications for Vaccine Policy
http://www.omicsgroup.org/journals/evidence-that-food-proteins-in-vaccines-cause-the-development-of-foodallergies-and-its-implications-for-vaccine-policy-2329-6631-1000137.php?aid=60994 – PDF version
Vinu Arumugham’s scientific contributions
https://zenodo.org/search?page=1&size=20&q=Arumugham,%20Vinu&sort=-publication_date
Role of NMDA receptor autoimmunity induced by food protein containing vaccines, in the etiology of autism, type 1 diabetes, neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders – Vinu Arumugham – “Once immunized with plant derived antigens, antibody levels will be increased by dietary exposure to these antigens. GR are expressed in the brain, heart, pancreas and the T cells of the immune system. Vaccine induced GR antibodies (GRA) disrupt or destroy GR thus precipitating numerous disorders. This explains the epidemic of food intolerances and food associated immune mediated disorders. Intestinal barrier disruption has been proposed as a cause for food associated autoimmune disorders. However, intestinal barrier disruption may itself be the result of GRA. GRA also disrupt the blood-brain barrier. This allows other anti-brain antibodies access to their targets. Vaccine-induced GRA can therefore explain a wide variety of disorders including autism, type 1 diabetes, attention deficit hyperactivity, epilepsy, schizophrenia, autoimmune encephalitis, Huntington’s, Parkinson’s, dementia, cancer and allergies. The ultimate solution is to immediately remove all non-target proteins from all vaccines.”
Vaccines and the development of food allergies: the latest evidence
http://www.bmj.com/content/355/bmj.i5225/rr-0
British Medical Journal Rapid Response to Re: Non-specific immunological effects of selected routine childhood immunisations: systematic review (BMJ)
Gelatin-Induced Vaccine Anaphylaxis Misattributed to Egg Allergy
Delayed Urticaria and Angioedema Following Yellow Fever Vaccine Immunization
Vaccination in children with allergy to non active vaccine components
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4384976/
“Any vaccine contains culture media antigens, which are protein-based, and could be responsible for hypersensitivity reactions (Table 1). … Milk proteins are often used as stabilizers or emulsifiers in food derivates. Some vaccines (Table 2) could contains hidden milk proteins, in order to prevent viruses degradation. Anaphylactic reactions have been reported in milk and egg-allergic children after MMR vaccination [41]. Kattan JD et al. [42] have evaluated 8 pediatric patients with previous anaphylaxis arisen within 60 minutes after an acellular diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine. In 6 of these children an immediate allergic reaction to milk proteins have been recorded, and in 5 of these the reaction was a severe one. In all children a significant sensitization to milk proteins have been documented within 2 years after vaccine reaction. Some researchers have observed that culture media used for commercial vaccine against Chlostridium tetani, Corynebacterium diphteriae and Bordetella pertussis could have been supplemented with aminoacids derived from the hydrolysis of milk proteins. Authors have demon-strated, with an ELISA essay, a concentration between 8.1 and 18.3 ng/mL of casein peptides in 8 different batches of DTP (Diphteria-tetanus-pertussis) vaccine [43]. Furthermore, hidden amounts of alpha-lactalbumin have been detected even in some oral polio vaccine (OPV) [44]. Four children, receiving OPV and measles-mumps vaccine at the same time, have shown severe systemic reactions after vaccines injections. In these children there was a previous history of milk proteins allergy but no egg-allergy. As well, skin prick test and serum specific IgE were positive for milk proteins but negative for egg proteins. Moreover, skin prick test with OPV, but not for measles-mumps vaccine, were positive.Although based on these scattered case-studies, due to the possible presence of milk proteins in OPV and DPT vaccine, it has been suggested, in children with history of milk’s proteins anaphylaxis, a 60 minutes observation after vaccination (Table 2).”
Protocol for Pertussis Immunisation and Food Allergy (PIFA): a case–control study of the association between pertussis vaccination in infancy and the risk of IgE-mediated food allergy among Australian children
http://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/bmjopen/8/1/e020232.full.pdf
The relationship between vaccine refusal and self-report of atopic disease in children
http://www.jacionline.org/article/S0091-6749(05)00026-6/fulltext
“Before and after adjusting for age, sex, exposure to traditional health care, family history of asthma or allergies, exposure to antibiotics, and family clustering, parents who refused vaccines were 11 times less likely to report asthma only for children with no family history of the disease and no exposure to antibiotics during infancy (Table III). …. Nonvaccinating parents were also 2.5 times less likely to report eczema and current wheeze.”
Seasonal split influenza vaccine induced IgE sensitization against influenza vaccine
Full Text: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264410X15009123 Abstract: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26188254
“… anaphylaxis … occurred in young children following administration of the 2011/12 seasonal split influenza vaccine, which contained 2-phenoxyethanol as the preservative. These children had high levels of IgE antibodies against influenza vaccine components. We herein investigated why these children were sensitized. … Repeated immunization with the HA split vaccine induced IgE sensitization against the influenza vaccine irrespective of the H1N1, H3N2, or B influenza subtypes. The reasons why anaphylaxis only occurred in recipients of the influenza vaccine containing 2-phenoxyethanol are still being investigated, and the size distribution of antigen particles may have shifted to a slightly larger size. Since the fundamental reason was IgE sensitization, current split formulation for the seasonal influenza vaccine needs to be reconsidered to prevent the induction of IgE sensitization. … The Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS) very recently reported 18 cases of anaphylaxis following vaccination with the trivalent recombinant hemagglutinin influenza vaccine, which is free of egg proteins, and therefore was recommended for patients with egg-allergy.”
Highly increased levels of IgE antibodies to vaccine components in children with influenza vaccine–associated anaphylaxis
http://www.jacionline.org/article/S0091-6749(15)01095-7/abstract
“Conclusions: The 2011-2012 IVA [influenza vaccine–associated anaphylaxis] spike in Japan was caused by specific IgE antibodies to influenza vaccine components. Excipients could not be implicated, except for a modest effect of 2-PE.”
Food allergy and anaphylaxis – 2045. Highly elevated IgE antibodies to vaccine components in influenza vaccine-associated anaphylaxis in Japan
http://waojournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1939-4551-6-S1-P130
“The results suggest that the recent IVA in Japan was caused by specific IgE antibodies to influenza vaccine components and that phenoxyethanol may have modified the reaction.”
Long Term Persistence of IgE Anti-Influenza Virus Antibodies in Pediatric and Adult Serum Post Vaccination with Influenza Virus Vaccine
http://www.medsci.org/v08p0239.htm
“This study is the first, to our knowledge, to describe the long term persistence of IgE anti-Influenza virus antibodies in serum of IgE positive and negative vaccinated pediatric and adult subjects, approaching two years post vaccination. The exact role of IgE in Influenza virus infection remains to be elucidated; however, the presence of IgE anti Influenza virus antibodies several months post vaccination warrants further investigation of the biological significance, if any, of these antibodies.”
Flu Vaccine Allergy May Be Attributed to Gelatin, Not Egg (registration) – Medscape Medical News – “Gelatin is a mixture of peptides and proteins produced by partial hydrolysis of collagen extracted from cow, pig, and fish, she explained. Patients with gelatin allergy do not react to meat because gelatin is derived from tendons and bones rather than the flesh. And gelatin in vaccines is more likely to cause an allergic reaction because it is concentrated, purified, and processed and has direct access to the immune system through injection.”
Generalized eczema in an 18-month-old boy due to phenoxyethanol in DPT vaccine
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9504254
Increased risk of anaphylaxis following administration of 2009 AS03-adjuvanted monovalent pandemic A/H1N1 (H1N1pdm09) vaccine
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264410X13014096
Immediate hypersensitivity reactions following monovalent 2009 pandemic influenza A (H1N1) vaccines: reports to VAERS
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24120547
Transiently increased IgE responses in infants and pre-schoolers receiving only acellular Diphtheria–Pertussis–Tetanus (DTaP) vaccines compared to those initially receiving at least one dose of cellular vaccine (DTwP) – Immunological curiosity or canary in the mine?
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264410X16303747
“Several previous studies have highlighted the strong Th2-polarising and IgE-promoting activity of the DTaP vaccine, but there is no evidence that this has pathological consequences and accordingly there is no current interest amongst vaccine developers in reformulating DTaP to attenuate these properties. In light of an apparent resurgence in pertussis in many countries, and emerging evidence from other areas of paediatric immunology of IgE-mediated interference with host defence mechanisms, this issue requires more detailed clarification.”
Anaphylaxis Following Immunization of Children and Adolescents in Germany
http://journals.lww.com/pidj/Abstract/publishahead/Anaphylaxis_Following_Immunization_of_Children_and.97473.aspx
“Anaphylaxis occurred most frequently following administration of AS03 adjuvanted A/H1N1 pandemic influenza vaccine (n=8). The annual frequency of anaphylaxis after vaccination (excluding pandemic influenza vaccine as well as monovalent measles and rubella vaccines) was estimated to be 6.8 (95% CI: 6.1-10.9). The estimated incidence of anaphylaxis following administration of specific vaccines ranged from 0.4 to 127.6 cases per 1,000,000 doses administered.”
Multiple Vaccination Effects on Atopy
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10371102
“An increase in the incidence of childhood atopic diseases may be expected as a result of concurrent vaccination strategies that induce a Th2-biased immune response. What should be discussed is whether the prize of a reduction of common infectious diseases through a policy of mass vaccination from birth is worth the price of a higher prevalence of atopy.”
Pertussis adjuvant prolongs intestinal hypersensitivity
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10436392?dopt=Abstract
“The purpose of this study was to examine the role of pertussis toxin (PT) in inducing intestinal hypersensitivity reactions, particularly the ability of the adjuvant to prolong the sensitization. … Our findings indicate nanogram quantities of PT [pertussis toxin], when administered with a food protein, result in long-term sensitization to the antigen, and altered intestinal neuroimmune function. These data suggest that exposure to bacterial pathogens may prolong the normally transient immune responsiveness to inert food antigens.”
This may explain the variety of anaphylactic allergens – perhaps whatever the baby is exposed to via breastfeeding (what the mom is eating around vaccination time) or formula (milk/soy anaphylaxis)
T-cell subsets (Th1 versus Th2)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10923599?dopt=Abstract
“Factors responsible for the imbalance of the Th1/Th2 responses which is partly responsible for the increased prevalence of allergy in Western countries. Risk for atopy – Th2, increased exposure to some allergens and Th2-biasing vaccines (alum as adjuvant).”
Vaccine Pricing and US Immunization Policies—Reply
http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2533062
“First, in terms of meningococcal B vaccines, the issues surrounding guidance for the use of these vaccines are quite complex apart from cost and are summarized in the Box. For example, both the efficacy and safety of the meningococcal B vaccines are incompletely understood. As noted, the risk of anaphylaxis following administration of this vaccine series may be equal to the likelihood of disease prevention.”
Preventing development of allergic disorders in children – Rapid Response: Avoiding Adjuvants & Excipients Can Avoid Allergies
http://www.bmj.com/rapid-response/2011/10/31/avoiding-adjuvants-amp-excipients-can-avoid-allergies
“Whilst there is very a little in the evidence-based literature, it is well-known in manufacturing circles that adjuvants cause allergies. As biotech company Biovant’s CEO, Steve Simes said on the launch of their new adjuvant:- “The problem with most adjuvants is that they can cause allergies,” said Simes. “Ours might not be as potent as others, but it is safer.” … “Further, some excipients are also known to cause sensitisation reactions and hypersensitivity is a contraindication [2]”
Aluminum Adjuvant-Containing Vaccines in the Context of the Hygiene Hypothesis: A Risk Factor for Eosinophilia and Allergy in a Genetically Susceptible Subpopulation?
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5981940/
“The above data indicates that immunization with aluminum adjuvants, like helminth infection, induces a Th2 type cell mediated immune response, including eosinophilia, but does not induce an environment conducive to the induction of regulatory mechanisms [51,79]. In the context of the hygiene hypothesis and microbiome theory, aluminum-adjuvant-containing vaccines may be a contributing risk factor for asthma and allergy, especially in a young genetically susceptible subpopulation (Figure 1).”
How aluminum adjuvants could promote and enhance non-target IgE synthesis in a genetically-vulnerable sub-population
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.3109/1547691X.2012.708366
“This study reviews the relevant actions of aluminum adjuvants and sources of genetic risk that can combine to adversely affect a vulnerable sub-population. Aluminum adjuvants promote oxidative stress and increase inflammasome activity, leading to the release of IL-1β, IL-18, and IL-33, but not the important regulatory cytokine IL-12. In addition, they stimulate macrophages to produce PGE2, which also has a role in regulating immune responses. This aluminum-induced cytokine context leads to a TH2 immune response, characterized by the further release of IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, IL-13, and IgE-potentiating factors such as sCD23. Genetic variants in cytokine genes, such as IL-4, IL-13, IL-33, and IL-18 influence the response to vaccines in children and are also associated with atopy. These genetic factors may therefore define a genetically-vulnerable sub-population, children with a family history of atopy, who may experience an exaggerated TH2 immune response to aluminum-containing vaccines.”
How common are long-lasting, intensely itching vaccination granulomas and contact allergy to aluminium induced by currently used pediatric vaccines? A prospective cohort study.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24752308
“Long-lasting itching vaccination granulomas are poorly understood but more frequent than previously known after infant vaccination with commonly used diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis-polio-Haemophilus influenzae type b and pneumococcal conjugate vaccines. The risk increases with the number of vaccines given. Most children with itching granulomas become contact allergic to aluminium. Itching vaccination granulomas are benign but may be troublesome and should be recognised early in primary health care to avoid unnecessary investigations, anxiety and mistrust.”
Contact allergy to aluminium induced by commonly used pediatric vaccines
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5214894/#!po=22.9167
“Contact allergy to aluminium was verified in 77–95% of children with itching vaccination granulomas by epicutaneous testing with Al Chloride hexahydrate 2% and metallic Al (4, 7, 9). Sensitized individuals have reported contact dermatitis after the use of Al containing deodorants, pharmaceutics (ear drops, antiseptics), sun protectors, tattooing pigments and metallic aluminium”
Post-vaccination granulomas caused by delayed-type reaction to aluminum salts
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24736873
“In the 1990s a Swedish study on an acellular vaccination against pertussis was started. Until 2013, 745 of 760,000 children with pruritic subcutaneous nodules were identified. In 77 % of these children a contact allergy to aluminium could be proven. Contact allergy to aluminium induced by vaccines causes pruritic subcutaneous nodules at the vaccination site. During infections of the upper respiratory tract the pruritus often escalates with inflammatory, erythematous and urticarial plaques.”
A child with a long-standing, intensely itching subcutaneous nodule on a thigh: an uncommon (?) reaction to commonly used vaccines
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23354861
“A 2-year-old girl presented with an intensely itching subcutaneous nodule on the front of a thigh. The nodule persisted for 10 months until it was excised. Subsequent investigation for malignancy and systemic disease showed no pathological findings. The diagnosis, persistent itching vaccination granuloma, was revealed by hazard almost 2 years after the onset of symptoms. Persistent itching subcutaneous nodules at the injection site for aluminium containing vaccines (mostly diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis combination vaccines for primary immunisation of infants) may appear with a long delay after the vaccination (months), cause prolonged itching (years) and are often associated with contact allergy to aluminium. The condition is poorly recognised in Health Care which may lead to prolonged symptoms and unnecessary investigations.”
Delayed‐type hypersensitivity to vaccine aluminum adjuvant causing subcutaneous leg mass and urticaria in a child
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/pde.13390
“A 3‐year‐old girl presented with a 7‐month history of a waxing and waning left thigh mass associated with pruritus and erythema at the site of two previous DTaP‐HepB‐IPV vaccinations. Patch testing was positive to aluminum chloride, supporting a diagnosis of vaccine granuloma secondary to aluminum allergy…”
Sixty-four children with persistent itching nodules and contact allergy to aluminium after vaccination with aluminium-adsorbed vaccines-prognosis and outcome after booster vaccination.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23052615
“Intensely itching subcutaneous nodules (vaccination granulomas) and contact allergy to aluminium may occur after primary vaccination with the two most commonly used DTP vaccines in Europe. The condition is probably underreported. Symptoms may last for at least 4-5 years but eventually seem to subside.”
Delay in diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus vaccination is associated with a reduced risk of childhood asthma
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18207561
“RESULTS: Among 11, 531 children who received at least 4 doses of DPT, the risk of asthma was reduced to (1/2) in children whose first dose of DPT was delayed by more than 2 months.”
A cross-sectional study of the relationship between reported human papillomavirus vaccine exposure and the incidence of reported asthma in the United States
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6329017/
“Conclusion: The results suggest that human papillomavirus vaccination resulted in an excess of 261,475 asthma cases with an estimated direct excess lifetime cost of such persons being US$42 billion. However, it is unclear what part of the vaccine and/or vaccine medium may have increased an individual’s susceptibility to an asthma episode, whether the asthma diagnosis represented one asthma episode or if it is chronic, and how much therapeutic support was needed (if any) and for how long, which would impact cost. Despite the negative findings in this study, routine vaccination is an important public health tool, and the results observed need to be viewed in this context.”
The human papillomavirus vaccine and risk of anaphylaxis
http://www.cmaj.ca/content/179/6/509
“In this issue of CMAJ, Brotherton and colleagues1 report a comprehensive investigation revealing higher than expected rates of apparent anaphylaxis following vaccination with the quadrivalent human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine in Australian children.”
The allergy epidemics: 1870-2010
http://www.jacionline.org/article/S0091-6749%2815%2900584-9/fulltext
“Table III Changes that have been suggested as explanations for the progressive increase in pediatric asthma, 1955-2000 I. Increased number of immunizations in early childhood and possible changes in vaccines … The reasons why peanut allergy has become more common might include (1) changes in vaccines, particularly the change from cellular to acellular pertussis”
Kinetics of asthma- and allergy-associated immune response gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from vaccinated infants after in vitro re-stimulation with vaccine antigen
http://www.rescuepost.com/files/lahdenpera08asthmaallergyvaccinated.pdf
“The global expression of immune response genes in infants after vaccination and their role in asthma and allergy is not clearly understood. Pharmacogenomics is ideally suited to study the involved cellular responses, since the expression of thousands of genes can be assessed simultaneously. Here, array technology was used to assess the expression kinetics of immune response genes with association to asthma and allergy in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of five healthy infants after vaccination with Infanrix-Polio + Hib. At 12 h after in vitro re-stimulation of the PBMC with pertussis toxin (PT) antigen, 14 immune response pathways, 33 allergy-related and 66 asthma-related genes were found activated.”
Early childhood infection and atopic disorder
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1745117/
“Interpretation of the prediction of atopic disorders by immunisation with whole-cell pertussis vaccine and treatment with oral antibiotics needs to be very cautious because of the possibilities of confounding effects and reverse causation. However, plausible immune mechanisms are identifiable for the promotion of atopic disorders by both factors and further investigation of these associations is warranted.”
Genetic and environmental factors contributing to the onset of allergic disorders
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10686503?dopt=Abstract
“The increasing prevalence of allergy in developed countries suggests that environmental factors acting either before or after birth also contribute to regulate the development of Th2 cells and/or their function. The reduction of infectious diseases in early life due to increasing vaccinations, antimicrobial treatments as well as changed lifestyle are certainly important in influencing the individual outcome in the Th response to ubiquitous allergens.”
Give us this day our daily germs
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9540269?dopt=Abstract
“Modern vaccinations, fear of germs and obsession with hygiene are depriving the immune system of the information input upon which it is dependent. This fails to maintain the correct cytokine balance and fine-tune T-cell regulation, and may lead to increased incidences of allergies and autoimmune diseases. If humans continue to deprive their immune systems of the input to which evolution has adapted it, it may be necessary to devise ways of replacing it artificially.”
Effects of diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis or tetanus vaccination on allergies and allergy-related respiratory symptoms among children and adolescents in the United States
http://www.jmptonline.org/article/S0161-4754%2800%2990072-1/abstract
“Results: The odds of having a history of asthma was twice as great among vaccinated subjects than among unvaccinated subjects (adjusted odds ratio, 2.00; 95% confidence interval, 0.59 to 6.74). The odds of having had any allergy-related respiratory symptom in the past 12 months was 63% greater among vaccinated subjects than unvaccinated subjects (adjusted odds ratio, 1.63; 95% confidence interval, 1.05 to 2.54). The associations between vaccination and subsequent allergies and symptoms were greatest among children aged 5 through 10 years.”
The effect of DPT and BCG vaccinations on atopic disorders
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10944825?dopt=Abstract
“From these results, we conclude that DPT vaccination has some effect in the promotion of atopic disorders, while successful BCG vaccination inhibits the development of atopic disorders, although the preventive effect of BCG may not last for many years.”
Local reactions and IgE antibodies to pertussis toxin after acellular diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis immunization
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10592076
“PT-IgE was detected in 18% and 86% of children following primary and booster vaccinations, respectively. Allergic and non-allergic children did not differ in PT-IgE responses. After primary immunization, elevated PT-IgE levels were found more often in children with a family history of allergy than in those without known allergy in the family. Children with local reactions had significantly higher pre- and post-booster PT-IgE levels and median post-booster pertactin IgG and diphtheria-IgG levels than children without local reactions. Conclusion Acellular pertussis immunization induces IgE antibodies to pertussis toxin, especially after booster vaccination. The higher median pre- and post-booster levels of pertussis toxin specific immunoglobulin E and post-booster levels of IgG to pertactin and diphtheria in children with local side-effects reflect a multifactorial immunological mechanism of such reactions.”
Immunoglobulin E and G responses to pertussis toxin after booster immunization in relation to atopy, local reactions and aluminium content of the vaccines
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8087191?dopt=Abstract
“The addition of aluminium to the pertussis vaccine, was, thus, associated with a stronger IgG antibody response, but tended also to induce a stronger IgE antibody response. The correlation between total IgE and PT-IgE, which was most prominent in children with atopy, indicates that the role of immunization for the development of allergy merits further studies.”
Nineteen cases of persistent pruritic nodules and contact allergy to aluminium after injection of commonly used aluminium-adsorbed vaccines
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16044278
“We conclude that intensely itching subcutaneous nodules, lasting for many years, and hypersensitivity to aluminium may occur after DTaP/polio+Hib vaccination of infants.”
Haemophilus influenzae type b combination vaccines and atopic disorders: A prospective cohort study
http://www.jfma-online.com/article/S0929-6646%2812%2900085-X/abstract
“Conclusion: There is a potential risk for AD after receiving Hib combination vaccines.”
A probable role for vaccines containing thimerosal in thimerosal hypersensitivity
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1868700
“We also sensitized guinea pigs with diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus (DPT) vaccine containing 0.01% thimerosal and succeeded in inducing hypersensitivity to thimerosal. From patch testing in humans and animal experiments, it is suggested that 0.01% thimerosal in vaccines can sensitize children, and that hypersensitivity to thimerosal is due to the thiosalicylic part of the molecule and correlates with photosensitivity to piroxicam.”
Sensitization to thimerosal in atopic children
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10048654
“The present study confirms the high frequency of sensitization to thimerosal in atopic children and suggests that vaccination can cause clinical symptoms in sensitized children.”
Reactions to thimerosal in hepatitis B vaccines
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2137393
“Hypersensitivity to thimerosal in vaccines has been reported to induce persistent local reactions, urticarial and generalized exanthematic eruptions, and, in the case of the hepatitis B vaccine, urticaria with asthma. The authors describe two cases of extensive reactions, one in a patient who did not form antibodies to the principal vaccine antigen. Although not all thimerosal-sensitive patients develop adverse reactions to vaccines containing this material, there is a potential risk, and the reactions can be very long lasting.”
Asthma and urticaria after hepatitis B vaccination
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1025886/
“Based on a literature review, thimerosal was considered to be the inciting allergen in this case.”
Hepatitis B immunogenicity after a primary vaccination course associated with childhood asthma, allergic rhinitis, and allergen sensitization
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/pai.12850
“This is the first nationwide study to demonstrate that childhood asthma, AR [allergic rhinitis], and allergen sensitization were significantly associated with the presence of anti-HBs in 12-year-old children who had received the complete HBV vaccination course.”
****Concerns about this study from an MD: My point was everyone in the study received the same vaccine series- therefore, this study does nothing to prove your point that vaccines are in some way bad or dangerous. … In addition, they based whether or not the children had these atopic diagnoses on whether or not the child said they did. Hardly “scientific”. I have plenty of adult patients who think they have asthma that have actually never been tested. … Lastly, the anti-Hbs positive group was much smaller, and the results were given in percentages. It is much easier to have a higher percentage when you have less people. I cannot see the whole study- I’m assuming same as you- but would like to see actual numbers, not percentages.”****
Allergic vasculitis and bronchial asthma following influenza vaccination
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3596383
Influenza vaccination and asthma
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3454168
“A double investigation was carried out on the respiratory tolerance of IV in the asthmatic patient: 1. Retrospective based on case history in 87 mature adults (mean age 61 years) previously vaccinated once or several times. This showed poor respiratory tolerance in 21 patients (24%), as shown by difficulty in breathing (8 cases), paroxystic dyspnea (5 cases), an acute episode of asthma (8 cases), occurring soon after vaccination.”
Reported pertussis infection and risk of atopy in 8- to 12-yr-old vaccinated and non-vaccinated children.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18086216?dopt=Abstract
“In the vaccinated group, all associations between pertussis infection and atopic disorders were positive, the associations with asthma [odds ratio (OR) = 2.24, 95% confidence interval (CI(95%)): 1.36-3.70], hay fever (OR = 2.35, CI(95%): 1.46-3.77) and food allergy (OR = 2.68, CI(95%): 1.48-4.85) being significant. There was a positive association between pertussis infection and atopic disorders in the pertussis vaccinated group only. From the present study, it cannot be concluded whether this association is causal or due to reverse causation.”
Is infant immunization a risk factor for childhood asthma or allergy?
https://journals.lww.com/epidem/Citation/1997/11000/Is_Infant_Immunization_a_Risk_Factor_for_Childhood.15.aspx
“The Christchurch Health and Development Study comprises 1,265 children born in 1977. The 23 children who received no diphtheria/pertussis/tetanus (DPT) and polio immunizations had no recorded asthma episodes or consultations for asthma or other allergic illness before age 10 years; in the immunized children, 23.1% had asthma episodes, 22.5% asthma consultations, and 30.0% consultations for other allergic illness. Similar differences were observed at ages 5 and 16 years. These findings do not appear to be due to differential use of health services (although this possibility cannot be excluded) or con-founding by ethnicity, socioeconomic status, parental atopy, or parental smoking.”
Infection of human B lymphocytes with MMR vaccine induces IgE class switching
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11513549
“Circulating immunoglobulin E (IgE) is one of the characteristics of human allergic diseases including allergic asthma. We recently showed that infection of human B cells with rhinovirus or measles virus could lead to the initial steps of IgE class switching. Since many viral vaccines are live viruses, we speculated that live virus vaccines may also induce IgE class switching in human B cells. To examine this possibility, we selected the commonly used live attenuated measles mumps rubella (MMR) vaccine. Here, we show that infection of a human IgM(+) B cell line with MMR resulted in the expression of germline epsilon transcript. In addition, infection of freshly prepared human PBLs with this vaccine resulted in the expression of mature IgE mRNA transcript. Our data suggest that a potential side effect of vaccination with live attenuated viruses may be an increase in the expression of IgE.”
Adverse reactions to measles immunisation
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2541021/?page=1
“Our data emphasise the potential of measles vaccine to cause appreciable adverse reactions in children with a history of severe multiple allergies, including allergy to egg. … As the measles vaccine in our study was not grown in chick embryo fibroblast culture, reactions may have been due to cross reactivity between constituents of the vaccine and either egg or cows’ milk proteins. We agree that ‘measles immunisation should be performed in a setting where any adverse reactions can be dealt with appropriately.’ Our results suggest, however, that this practice should be restricted in children with severe food allergy.”
Anaphylactic reactions to measles-mumps-rubella vaccine in three children with allergies to hen’s egg and cow’s milk.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21244488
“Therefore, we recommend that all children not only those who were sensitized to foods should receive the MMR vaccination in a setting that is equipped to deal with anaphylactic reactions. As stated by WHO in immunization safety surveillance, ‘Each vaccinator must have an emergency kit with adrenaline, and be familiar with its dosage and administration’.”
MMR Vaccine and Neomycin Allergy
https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics/article-abstract/516530
“The resurgence of childhood measles in the United States has prompted secondary immunization with the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine.1 Immediate allergic reactions to the MMR vaccine, including dyspnea and hypotension, have been documented in egg-allergic individuals.2 Recently, five patients without a history of egg allergy experienced similar reactions, requiring emergency treatment with antihistamines and epinephrine hydrochloride.3 The MMR vaccine contains hydrolyzed gelatin, sorbitol, and neomycin sulfate (25 μg).4 Neomycin is an antibiotic that is known to cause both local and systemic allergic reactions. Our experience with the following patient suggests that hypersensitivity to these additives found in the MMR vaccine, especially neomycin, may be a factor in documented reactions in individuals without egg allergy.”
Anaphylaxis associated with the vaccine against measles, mumps and rubella.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20339639#
“Skin tests with the vaccine and dextran were positive in the cases exclusively, suggesting sensitization to certain residual components of the vaccine and possible cross-reaction with dextran.”
Changes in Cytokine Production after Measles Virus Vaccination: Predominant Production of IL-4 Suggests Induction of a Th2 Response
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0090122983710615
“These data suggest that Th2 cells producing IL-4 are preferentially activated by measles vaccine and may contribute to the immunologic abnormalities associated with immunization for measles and possibly other viral infections.”
Gelatin-specific cellular immune responses persist for more than 3 years after priming with gelatin containing DTaP vaccine
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12372133
“Gelatin-specific lymphocyte activity persists at comparable levels for more than 3 years in subjects who acquire a positive LPT response to gelatin after receiving primary DTaP vaccine containing gelatin. Furthermore, five out of eight subjects initially with negative LPT to gelatin have been shown to acquire specific LPT with time.”
Food allergy to gelatin in children with systemic immediate-type reactions, including anaphylaxis, to vaccines
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8977505
“Twenty-four of the 26 children with allergic reactions to vaccines had anti-gelatin IgE ranging from 1.2 to 250 Ua/ml. Seven had allergic reactions on ingestion of gelatin-containing foods. Of these, two had reactions before vaccination, and five had reactions after vaccination.”
A clinical analysis of gelatin allergy and determination of its causal relationship to the previous administration of gelatin-containing acellular pertussis vaccine combined with diphtheria and tetanus toxoids
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9949325
“Most anaphylactic reactions and some urticarial reactions to gelatin-containing measles, mumps, and rubella monovalent vaccines are associated with IgE-mediated gelatin allergy. DTaP immunization histories suggest that the gelatin-containing DTaP vaccine may have a causal relationship to the development of this gelatin allergy.”
Prevalence of anti-gelatin IgE antibodies in people with anaphylaxis after measles-mumps rubella vaccine in the United States.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12456938
“Almost one fourth of patients with reported anaphylaxis after MMR seem to have hypersensitivity to gelatin in the vaccine. They may be at higher risk of developing anaphylaxis to subsequent doses of other gelatin-containing vaccines.”
Urticaria following varicella vaccine associated with gelatin allergy
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9987170?dopt=Abstract
“An uncommon reaction to varicella vaccine has been urticaria. Based on two reports of urticaria believed to be due to gelatin in recipients of measles-mumps-rubella vaccine, we suspected gelatin as the cause of generalized urticaria in two children after varicella vaccination. Intradermal testing with gelatin yielded a wheal and flare reaction in both children. We conclude that children known to be allergic to gelatin should not receive Oka/Merck varicella vaccine (VARIVAX).”
Anaphylaxis after Zoster Vaccine: Implicating Alpha-Gal Allergy as a Possible Mechanism
http://www.jacionline.org/article/S0091-6749(16)31455-5/abstract
“A patient with alpha-gal allergy presented with anaphylaxis after receiving zoster vaccine. Subsequent testing of selected vaccines revealed the presence of alpha-gal allergen in MMR and zoster vaccines, which have in common a higher content of gelatin and content of bovine calf serum.”
Removal of gelatin from live vaccines and DTaP-an ultimate solution for vaccine-related gelatin allergy
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14624794
“From the early 1990s infants started to receive acellular pertussis vaccine combined with diphtheria and tetanus toxoids (DTaP) before live vaccines such as measles, rubella, and mumps vaccines, which contained gelatin as a stabilizer. Then, an increasing number of cases of anaphylactic/allergic reactions to those live vaccines were reported. Almost all these cases had a previous history of receiving three or four doses of DTaP containing gelatin. … Dramatic decreases in anaphylactic/allergic reactions to live measles vaccines were observed immediately after each manufacturer marketed gelatin-free or gelatin (hypo-allergic)-containing live measles vaccine, and since the end of 1998 reports on anaphylactic/allergic reactions to live measles vaccine have almost ceased.”
Aluminum as an adjuvant in vaccines and post-vaccine reactions
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8235346
“Vaccines adsorbed onto aluminium salts are a more frequent cause of local post-vaccinal reactions than plain vaccines. 5-10% those vaccinated can develop a nodule lasting several weeks at the injection site. In some rare cases the nodules may become inflammatory and even turn into an aseptic abscess. The nodules persisting more than 6 weeks may indicate development of aluminium hypersensitivity. Finally aluminium adjuvant immunogens induce the production of IgE antibodies.”
Aluminum allergy caused by DTP vaccine
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1509548?dopt=Abstract
Persistent itching nodules after the fourth dose of diphtheria-tetanus toxoid vaccines without evidence of delayed hypersensitivity to aluminium
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15315849?dopt=Abstract
Anaphylactic reaction to diphtheria-tetanus vaccine in a child: specific IgE/IgG determinations and cross-reactivity studies
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12213411
“The present study describes the occurrence of an anaphylactic reaction after the administration of the fifth booster dose of DT vaccine in a six-year-old child. Skin test, in vitro determinations of specific IgE antibodies and immunoblotting assays showed that the IgE response was directed against tetanus and diphtheria toxoids (Dtx).”
Anaphylaxis to diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis vaccines among children with cow’s milk allergy.
http://download.journals.elsevierhealth.com/pdfs/journals/0091-6749/PIIS0091674911007470.pdf
Anaphylaxis following quadrivalent human papillomavirus vaccination.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2527382/
Anaphylaxis Complicating Routine Childhood Immunization: Hemophilus Influenza b Conjugated Vaccine
http://online.liebertpub.com/doi/abs/10.1089/088318700750070411?journalCode=pai&
Anaphylaxis to the 23-valent pneumococcal vaccine in child: a case-control study based on immediate responses in skin tests and specific IgE determination.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11535304
Anaphylaxis to the 23-valent pneumococcal vaccine: a second explored case by means of immediate-reading skin tests with pneumococcal vaccines.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20974304
“Immunizations with the 7-valent pneumococcal vaccine may induce IgE-dependent sensitization to pneumococcal antigens, responsible for anaphylaxis to subsequent injections of pneumococcal vaccines.”
Risk of Anaphylaxis After Vaccination of Children and Adolescents
http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/112/4/815
“Conclusions. Patients and health care providers can be reassured that vaccine-associated anaphylaxis is a rare event. Nevertheless, providers should be prepared to provide immediate medical treatment should it occur.”
Vaccine allergy and pseudo-allergy
http://www.jle.com/fr/revues/medecine/ejd/e-docs/00/01/88/38/article.md
“However, vaccine components may induce IgE-dependent HS reactions, such as anaphylaxis and immediate urticaria and angioedema to toxoid- [4, 18-20], ovalbumin- [21-26], gelatin- [27-34], and pneumococcal antigen [35]-containing vaccines. Dextran-containing vaccines (BCG) may induce IgG-dependent anaphylactoid reactions [36-39]. Finally, excipients of vaccines and toxoid-containing vaccines induce non immediate-type HS reactions, either local, such as eczema induced by aluminium hydroxide [40-44], mercurothiolate [45-47] and formaldehyde [48], and Arthus-type reactions [1, 5] and recurrent abcesses [49] induced by toxoids, or generalized, such as delayed urticaria, angioedema and non-urticarial rashes induced by gelatin-containing vaccines [29, 50-52].”
A Unique Case Report on Hypersensitivity Vasculitis as an Allergic Reaction to the Herpes Zoster Vaccine
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1538574418794079
“Hypersensitivity vasculitis (HV) or leukocytoclastic vasculitis is a rare small-vessel vasculitis that may occur as a manifestation of the body’s extreme allergic reaction to a drug, infection, or other foreign substance. Characterized by the presence of inflammatory neutrophils in vessel walls, HV results in inflammation and damage to blood vessels, primarily in the skin. Histologically, when neutrophils undergo leukocytoclasia and release nuclear debris into the vasculature, vascular damage manifests as palpable purpura. The incidence of HV is unknown and its relationship and interaction with certain vaccinations is rare and poorly understood. Affected patients with HV generally have a good prognosis; however, fatality may occur if organs such as the central nervous system, heart, lungs, or kidneys are involved. We report a unique case of a 60-year-old man who presented with a serious case of HV after receiving the herpes zoster vaccine.”
Systemic Allergic Contact Dermatitis After Formaldehyde-Containing Influenza Vaccination
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25876644
Allergy induced by immunization with tetanus toxoid
http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1160278
Allergy to Viral and Rickettsial Vaccines — Influence of Repeated Inoculations on the Acquisition of Egg Allergy
http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM195204032461403
“The problem of the possible acquisition of hypersensitivity to egg protein from repeated injection of vaccine derived from viruses or rickettsiae and propagated on chick embryo is a subject of current interest. An editorial comment1 on an article published by us2 raised this question and maintained that it is a possibility that must be seriously entertained…”
Modulation of the infant immune responses by the first pertussis vaccine administrations
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264410X06007742
“However, Pa recipients also developed a strong Th2-type cytokine response to the B. pertussis antigens, as noted previously. In addition, they induced Th2-type cytokines to the co-administrated antigen tetanus toxoïd, as well as to the food antigen beta-lactoglobulin. Furthermore, the general cytokine profile of the Pa recipients was strongly Th2-skewed at 6 months, as indicated by the cytokines induced by the mitogen phytohaemagglutinin. These data demonstrate that the cytokine profile of 6-month-old infants is influenced by the type of formulation of the pertussis vaccine they received at 2, 3 and 4 months of life.”
Reported pertussis infection and risk of atopy in 8- to 12-yr-old vaccinated and non-vaccinated children
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18086216
“There was a positive association between pertussis infection and atopic disorders in the pertussis vaccinated group only. From the present study, it cannot be concluded whether this association is causal or due to reverse causation.”
Project Title: The use of Radiation (Ultraviolet or Ionizing) on Anti-Viral Vaccines (Inactivated or Attenuated Vaccines) to Reduce the Asthma-Inducing Side Effects Associated with Such Vaccines Inventors: Farhad Imani, M.D., David Proud, M.D.
https://web.archive.org/web/20010508101306/http://www.med.jhu.edu/otl/3303.html
“Brief Description: The literature shows an association between anti-viral vaccination and onset of childhood asthma. We have noted that attenuation of viral target by conventional vaccine preparation does not completely remove or degrade viral nucleic acids such as double-stranded RNA (dsRNA). It is known that viral dsRNA can induce activation of a host’s anti viral protein kinase (PKR). We have shown that activation of PKR by dsRNA leads to expression of Th2-type immune responses, e.g. allergy and asthma. Our invention exploits this newly identified correlation and offers a simple and inexpensive solution to the problem of vaccine-induced childhood asthma or allergy. Ultraviolet and ionizing radiation is known to cause degradation of viral nucleic acid. Therefore, irradiation of antiviral vaccine preparations will degrade viral dsRNA, preventing dsRNA-activation of PKR and its resultant pathological Th2-type immune response.”
Anaphylaxis: a history with emphasis on food allergy
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3122150/
“In the century since Paul Portier and Charles Richet described their landmark findings of severe fatal reactions in dogs re-exposed to venom after vaccination with sea anemone venom, treatment for anaphylaxis continues to evolve. The incidence of anaphylaxis continues to be difficult to measure.”
Allergy/Anaphylaxis caused by skin sensitization
Mechanical Skin Injury Promotes Food Anaphylaxis by Driving Intestinal Mast Cell Expansion
https://www.cell.com/immunity/fulltext/S1074-7613(19)30140-2
“Mechanical skin injury promotes intestinal mast-cell expansion”
Anaphylaxis to oats after cutaneous sensitization by oatmeal in skin products used for the treatment of atopic dermatitis
http://www.jaci-inpractice.org/article/S2213-2198%2815%2900386-4/abstract
This leads to the question: does allergy skin testing sensitize or make allergic response worse?
Nickel Contact Dermatitis From Hypodermic Needles
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3108538/
“In both our patients, dermatitis developed following contact with hypodermic needles, which are frequently and almost ubiquitously used in the hospitals.”
Animal Models of allergy/asthma/anaphylaxis
Immune response to allergens in sheep sensitized to house dust mite
http://www.biomedcentral.com/content/pdf/1476-9255-5-16.pdf
“Sheep (n = 8) were sensitized to HDM following 3 immunizations with solubilized HDM (50μg in aluminium hydroxide) as outlined previously [17]; control (naïve) animals (n = 6) were not immunized with HDM. Peripheral blood samples were collected from controls and at pre- and post-immunization and stored frozen prior to determination of immunoglobulin (Ig) reactivity. Immunized animals that showed increased HDM-specific serum IgE levels as assessed by ELISA (6 of the 8 immunized sheep) were classified as allergic [17] and used as sensitized sheep in the experiments.”
Murine Model of Allergen Induced Asthma
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3466954/
“Sensitize mice on day 0 by intraperitoneal injection of 20 μg of OVA (Sigma-Aldrich) emulsified in 0.2 ml of sterile PBS containing 2 mg of aluminum hydroxide (Sigma-Aldrich) or with 2 mg aluminum hydroxide in 0.2 ml of sterile PBS as control.”
Comparison of adjuvant and adjuvant-free murine experimental asthma models
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2728898/
“The most widely used protocol for the induction of experimental allergic airway inflammation in mice involves sensitization by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections of the antigen ovalbumin (OVA) used in conjunction with the adjuvant aluminium hydroxide (alum).”
Nonmurine Animal Models of Food Allergy
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1241358/
“…the use of adjuvants (natural or artificial–alum, cholera toxin, Bordetella pertussis, and carrageenan are known IgE-selective adjuvants)” … “In the atopic dog model for food allergy (Ermel et al. 1997), newborn pups (day 1) were subcutaneously injected in the axillas with 1µg of cow’s milk, beef, ragweed, and wheat extracts in alum. Food antigen was again administered on days 22, 29, 50, 78, and 85. At ages 3, 7, and 11 weeks, all pups were vaccinated with attenuated distemper-hepatitis vaccine…Immunized pups responded with allergen-specific IgE by week 3 and peaked at week 26 of age…All clinical manifestations are consistent with infant, adolescent, and adult food allergy in humans.”
Murine model of atopic dermatitis associated with food hypersensitivity
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11295660?dopt=Abstract
“Female C3H/HeJ mice were sensitized orally to cow’s milk or peanut with a cholera toxin adjuvant and then subjected to low-grade allergen exposure … An eczematous eruption developed in approximately one third of mice after low-grade exposure to milk or peanut proteins … This eczematous eruption resembles AD (atopic dermatitis) in human subjects and should provide a useful model for studying immunopathogenic mechanisms of food hypersensitivity in AD.”
The atopic dog as a model of peanut and tree nut food allergy.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12464960/
“Eleven dogs were sensitized subcutaneously by using an established protocol with 1 microg each of peanut, English walnut, or Brazil nut protein extracts in alum first at birth and then after modified live virus vaccinations at 3, 7, and 11 weeks of age. …. The results give further support to the dog as a model of human food allergy.”
Induction of Allergic Responses to Peanut Allergen in Sheep
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3526581/
“Study 1 (n = 10) sheep were sensitised separately with a crude PN [peanut] extract and OVA. The immunisation protocol involved 3 subcutaneous (s.c.) injections at 2-week intervals and a 4th ‘boost’ injection after a rest period of 4 weeks. Each injection comprised either 100 µg of solubilised crude PN extract or 100 µg of OVA prepared in a total of 1 ml sterile saline with 50 µl of a commercial aluminium adjuvant (alum); Rehydragel ® LV- Aluminium hydroxide (Reheis Inc/NJ, USA). … In Study 2 (n= 10), sheep were simultaneously immunised with PN allergen (as for Study 1) and HDM (50 µg/injection) allergen [26], prepared in 1 ml sterile saline with aluminium hydroxide as adjuvant.”
Immunoglobulin E antibodies to pollens augmented in dogs by virus vaccines.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6301317
“Their offspring were inoculated with pollen extracts in alum immediately after routine vaccinations (attenuated live-virus vaccines for canine distemper and infectious canine hepatitis, and a killed bacterin for Leptospira). Heat labile antipollen IgE antibodies were measured by passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. Pups vaccinated for canine distemper before being given pollen extracts had many more IgE antibodies than did their control littermates who were not vaccinated until after the last pollen extract injection. This may be a natural example of the ‘allergic break-through phenomenon.'”
Murine model for pertussis vaccine encephalopathy: linkage to H–2
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v299/n5885/abs/299738a0.html
“A clinical syndrome with pathological features closely resembling post-immunization encephalopathy can be reproduced in the mouse after immunization with heat-killed Bordetella pertussis vaccine and exposure to a foreign antigen, if the inoculated animal has a susceptible H-2 genotype.”
Development and Characterization of an Effective Food Allergy Model in Brown Norway Rats
http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0125314
“The FA induction was carried out by combining an i.p. immunization with OVA mixed with alum and tBp followed, 14 days later, by oral OVA administration for three weeks; five days later, an oral challenge was given to cause an anaphylactic response (AR).”
Development of an Animal Model to Evaluate the Allergenicity of Food Allergens
http://www.karger.com/Article/Abstract/363109
“Methods: Brown Norway rats were sensitized to protein extracts (RuBisCO, apple, soy, peanut, garden pea) or ovalbumin (OVA) combined with Bordetella pertussis and aluminium hydroxide, followed by oral allergen challenges. Results: Allergen-specific serum immunoglobulin production and the proliferation of mononuclear cells from spleen confirmed sensitization. To assess functional alterations in the gut, intestinal permeability was measured, which increased in sensitized and challenged animals compared to non-sensitized controls. Allergens with high allergenic potential (peanut, OVA, soy) caused a stronger immunological response than allergens with low allergenic potential, such as RuBisCO and apple. Moreover, the immunological responses were reduced when using boiled instead of raw soy and pea proteins. Conclusion: This model mimics key features of FA and facilitates investigating the allergenicity of allergens in novel food or food compositions in vivo.”
Use of Animal Models to Investigate Major Allergens Associated with Food Allergy
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ja/2013/635695/
“Dogs, pigs, and sheep have reportedly been used as large animal experimental models for PN allergy (Table 1). While dogs have previously been employed for the testing of numerous allergens, Teuber et al. [28] used atopic dogs for the first time to develop a canine model of PN/tree nut allergies. This study used inbred high IgE-producing spaniel/basenji dogs, subcutaneously (SC) sensitising them with commercial extracts of either 1 μg of PN, English walnut or Brazil nut proteins, together with aluminium hydroxide (Alum) as adjuvant.”
AcCystatin, an immunoregulatory molecule from Angiostrongylus cantonensis, ameliorates the asthmatic response in an aluminium hydroxide/ovalbumin-induced rat model of asthma
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25399816
“Here, we aim to determine the effects of AcCystatin on an ovalbumin/aluminium hydroxide (OVA/Al[OH]3)-induced rat model of asthma. Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups, including a control group, an OVA/Al[OH]3-induced asthma group, a group receiving AcCystatin immunisation prior to OVA/Al[OH]3-induced asthma and a group receiving AcCystatin treatment after OVA/Al[OH]3-induced asthma.”
Comparative study of Korean White Ginseng and Korean Red Ginseng on efficacies of OVA-induced asthma model in mice
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25535475
“To produce the acute asthma model, BALB/c mice were sensitized with ovalbumin (OVA) and aluminum hydroxide, and then challenged with OVA.”
Murine model for pertussis vaccine encephalopathy: role of the major histocompatibility complex; antibody to albumin and to Bordetella pertussis and pertussis toxin
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2872126
“A mouse model for pertussis immunization encephalopathy has been described with features that closely resemble the severe adverse reactions occasionally seen after pertussis vaccine administration,m including seizures and a shock-like state leading to death. These reactions are produced with nearly one hundred percent efficiency provided that the mice immunized with Bordetella pertussis have 1) the appropriate major histocompatibility (H-2) genotype, 2) have been sensitized to bovine serum albumin (BSA), and 3) that the injected B. pertussis contained sufficient amounts of pertussis toxin.”
Bromelain exerts anti-inflammatory effects in an ovalbumin-induced murine model of allergic airway disease
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2576519/
“To establish AAD, mice were sensitized with intraperitoneal (i.p.) OVA/alum and challenged with daily OVA aerosols.”
Oral Bromelain Attenuates Inflammation in an Ovalbumin-induced Murine Model of Asthma
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2249734/
To establish AAD, female C57BL/6J mice were sensitized with intraperitoneal (i.p.) OVA/alum and then challenged with OVA aerosols for 3 days.
A guinea pig model of hypersensitivity to allergenic fractions of natural rubber latex
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8645998
“Guinea pigs were immunized either with whole non-ammoniated latex extract, or with one of nine SDS-PAGE-separated components. … Passive systemic anaphylaxis was induced in 4 of 10 guinea pigs.”
Pertussis toxin stimulates hypersensitivity and enhances nerve-mediated antigen uptake in rat intestine.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7977735
“Our studies indicate that pertussis toxin causes long-lasting hypersensitivity to coadministered antigens, involving increased production of reaginic antibodies, hyperplasia of mucosal mast cells, and enhanced neurally mediated uptake of antigen across the intestinal epithelium. These findings suggest a potential role for bacterial products in the development of immunophysiological reactions to ingested antigens.”
The non-specific enhancement of allergy. III. Precipitation of bronchial anaphylactic reactivity in primed rats by injection of alum or B. pertussis vaccine: relation of response capacity to IgE and IgG2a antibody levels
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6307077?dopt=Abstract
“These results show that injection of alum or B. pertussis vaccine without antigen can precipitate/enhance anaphylactic response capacity and production of specific and non-specific IgE and IgG2a.”
Anaphylaxis or so-called encephalopathy in mice sensitized to an antigen with the aid of pertussigen (pertussis toxin)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3557617?dopt=Abstract
“Sensitization of mice with 1mg of bovine serum albumin (BSA) or chicken egg albumin (EA) … .induced a high degree of anaphylactic sensitivity when the mice were challenged i.v. with 1 mg of antigen 14 days later.”
Effect of Bordetella pertussis vaccination in mice and the isolated tracheal response to isoprenaline
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6255813
“The administration of Bordetella pertussis vaccine to mice has been associated with the development of an impaired beta-adrenoceptor responsiveness and in many respects has resembled human asthma. … These studies demonstrated that in tracheal smooth muscle isolated from B. pertussis vaccinated mice, the relaxant effects of isoprenaline are impaired.”
Relative immunogenicity of commonly allergenic foods versus rarely allergenic and nonallergenic foods in mice.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12495022
“Groups of mice (n = 4 to 5) were injected intraperitoneally with the protein extracts (plus alum as an adjuvant) from chicken eggs, peanuts, almonds, filberts-hazelnuts, walnuts, soybeans, and wheat (commonly allergenic foods) and coffee, sweet potatoes, carrots, white potatoes, cherries, lettuce, and spinach (rarely allergenic and nonallergenic foods).”
Local and Systemic Anaphylaxis in the Pertussis-inoculated Mouse
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v202/n4929/abs/202309a0.html
“It is now well known that mice injected with Bordetella pertussis vaccine plus an antigen will produce more antibodies to that antigen than mice injected with antigen alone. Such mice also develop an enhanced susceptibility to anaphylactic shock.”
It should be no surprise that when the pertussis and Hib vaccines were administered to infants concurrently in 1992 (in Canada), and in one combined 5 in 1 vaccine in 1994, that we have seen an explosion of anaphylaxis to food. Back in 1979 both Hib and Pertussis were being used to make mice and rat models of allergy.
Comparison of vaccination of mice and rats with Haemophilus influenzae and Bordetella pertussis as models of atopy.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/311260?dopt=Abstract
“The Haemophilus influenzae vaccinated experimental animal provides a model that is possibly more related to human atopy than the Bordetella pertussis vaccinated animal.”
Enhanced Susceptibility of Pertussis Inoculated Mice to Pollen Extract.
http://ebm.sagepub.com/content/100/4/808.short
“Pertussis inoculated mice have an enhanced susceptibility to lethal effects of water soluble extract of rye grass pollen. A mixture of this pollen extract with specific immune rabbit serum or normal rabbit serum will kill more pertussis inoculated mice than pollen extract alone.”
Effect of Alum-Precipitated Ragweed Pollen Extract on Guinea Pigs
sci-hub.tw/10.2307/4581135
“Alum-precipitated ragweed pollen extract is a very effective sensitizing agent in guinea pigs.”
Report of the Task Force on Pertussis and Pertussis Immunization—1988
http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/81/6/933
“For more than 25 years, it has been known that pertussis vaccine is a reliable adjuvant for the production of experimental allergic encephalitis.”
A model for experimental asthma: provocation in guinea-pigs immunized with Bordetella pertussis
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2889487?dopt=Abstract
“B. pertussis not only alters adrenergic function but provocation in B. pertussis-sensitized guinea-pigs seems to be a good model for bronchial asthma.”
Improvement of trivalent leptospira vaccine by removal of anaphylactic agents.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21698521
“The results of the present investigation revealed that we can minimize postvaccination shock in vaccinated cattle populations with removing the shock proteins.”
Comparison of Bordetella Pertussis Cells and Freund’s Adjuvant with Respect to Their Antibody Inducing and Anaphylactogenic Properties
http://www.jimmunol.org/content/90/1/132.abstract
“Susceptibility to fatal anaphylactic shock in mice was equally enhanced when one injection of 1 mg of egg albumin (Ea) was mixed with Freund’s adjuvant or with 2 billion Bordetella pertussis cells. … The main mechanism by which B. pertussis increases susceptibility of mice to actively induced anaphylaxis is apparently by stimulation of the antibody response to the sensitizing antigen.”
Relationship of the Anaphylaxis Sensitizing and Adjuvant Properties of Hemophilus Pertussis Vaccine
http://www.jimmunol.org/content/79/3/238.abstract
“Pertussis vaccine administered along with chicken red blood cells (CRBC) in mice enhances the production of agglutinins to CRBC and also induces anaphylactic sensitivity to subsequent challenge doses of CRBC. However, the data presented indicate that serum agglutinins have little to do with mouse anaphylaxis. Pertussis vaccine stimulates the production of agglutinins to CRBC only if the CRBC are administered at the same time and via the same route as the pertussis vaccine.”
Effects of Haemophilus influenzae vaccination on the (para-)sympathic-cyclic nucleotide-histamine axis in rats
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/216288?dopt=Abstract
“To determine whether Haemophilus influenzae could be a factor in human atopy its effects were studied on the (para-)Sympathic Cyclic nucleotide-histamine axis in rats. Haemophilus influenzae vaccination induced changes in the cholinergic system compatible with higher cyclic GMP levels and enhanced histamine release. The authors suggest an involvement of the cholinergic system in Haemophilus influenzae vaccination effects.’
Bronchial hyperreactivity to histamine induced by Haemophilus influenzae vaccination
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6335351?dopt=Abstract
“This suggests a hyperreactivity of the parasympathetic, cholinergic pathways as a result of H. influenzae vaccination.”
Effects of vaccination with Haemophilus influenzae on adrenoceptor function of tracheal and parenchymal strips
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6969303
“These results indicated that H. influenzae causes a partial blockade of the beta adrenoceptors in tracheal spirals and, therefore, may have important implications in asthmatic bronchitis.”
The effects of Haemophilus influenzae vaccination on anaphylactic mediator release and isoprenaline-induced inhibition of mediator release
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6154589?dopt=Abstract
“These results indicate an increased sensitivity to antigenic challenge and suggest that the functioning of beta-adrenoceptors was decreased as a result of H. Influenzae vaccination.”
Murine responses to immunization with pertussis toxin and bovine serum albumin: I. Mortality observed after bovine albumin challenge is due to an anaphylactic reaction
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3309858?dopt=Abstract
“Mortality observed after bovine albumin challenge is due to an anaphylactic reaction … the results of our experiments have established that the disease induced by coimmunizing mice with Ptx and BSA is due to an immediate type hypersensitivity.”
Antigen-induced bronchial anaphylaxis in actively sensitized guinea-pigs. Pattern of response in relation to immunization regimen
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7369497?dopt=Abstract
“The results show that guinea-pigs sensitized with low amounts (1-10 micrograms) of ovalbumin together with alum produce the most pronounced bronchospasm when challenged with an intravenous injection of a low dose of antigen. Examination of the antibody classes by PCA technique shows that guinea-pigs sensitized with small amounts of antigen together with alum produced IgE and IgG1 antibodies.”
Aluminum compounds as vaccine adjuvants
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10837642?dopt=Abstract
“Limitations of aluminum adjuvants include local reactions, augmentation of IgE antibody responses, ineffectiveness for some antigens and inability to augment cell-mediated immune responses, especially cytotoxic T-cell responses.”
The use of adjuvants in sensitization of the mouse
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0021870759900164
“Sensitization attained a maximum about ten days after the intraperitoneal inoculation of the sensitizing antigen, provided it was concurrent with or followed the adjuvant administration. The presence of circulating antibodies, titratable by the tanned-red-cell technique of Boyden at a time when anaphylactic sensitization is at its height, indicates the causal relationship.”
Aluminium phosphate but not calcium phosphate stimulates the specific IgE response in guinea pigs to tetanus toxoid
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/707792?dopt=Abstract
“It is hypothesized that the regular application of aluminium compound-containing vaccines on the entire population could be one of the factors leading to the observed increase of allergic diseases.”
The Production of Anaphylactic Antibody in the Rat
http://www.jimmunol.org/content/92/6/920.abstract
“The immune response of rats injected in the footpads with protein antigens mixed with Bordetella pertussis organisms or with complete Freund’s adjuvant has been investigated.”
Role of Toxic Factors in Anaphylactic Shock of Rats. II.
http://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/229327
“A uniform anaphylactic response with mortality rate of 70 to 75% was obtained in rats sensitized with horse serum and H. Pertussis vaccine as adjuvant.”
The Altered Reactivity of Mice after Immunization with Hemophilus Pertussis Vaccine
www.jimmunol.org/cgi/content/abstract/70/4/411
“The possible relationship between the sensitivity of pertussis-injected mice to histamine and to H. pertussis vaccine is discussed. It is suggested that pertussis vaccine may sensitize mice to histamine and to pertussis vaccine by damaging the adrenal gland.”
The Altered Reactivity of Mice After Inoculation With Bordetella Pertussis Vaccine
http://mmbr.asm.org/content/22/3/173.long
“Malkiel and Hargis demonstrated that pertussis vaccine administered along with an antigen (horse serum) sensitized mice to subsequent injections of that antigen.”
The modified anaphylaxis hypothesis for cot death. Anaphylactic sensitization in guinea-pigs fed cow’s milk
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1540958/
“Guinea-pigs on a normal diet, but given cow’s milk to drink instead of water, very soon became anaphylactically sensitive to cow’s milk and may be fatally shocked following either i.v. injection or intratracheal inhalation of cow’s milk.”
Strain-Dependent Induction of Allergic Sensitization Caused by Peanut Allergen DNA Immunization in Mice
http://www.jimmunol.org/content/162/5/3045.short
Peanut- and cow’s milk-specific IgE, Th2 cells and local anaphylactic reaction are induced in Balb/c mice orally sensitized with cholera toxin
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2005.00767.x/abstract
“Methods: Balb/c female mice were sensitized with whole peanut protein extract (WPPE) by means of intraperitoneal (i.p.) injections with alum or gavages with cholera toxin (CT).”
Anaphylactic Shock in the Mouse Vaccinated with Hemophilus Pertussis: III. Antigens, Antibody and Passive Transfer Studies (1953)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13118166
Histamine sensitivity and anaphylaxis in the pertussis-vaccinated rat (1952)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13037767
Anaphylactic shock in the pertussis vaccinated mouse. II. Diphtheria and tetanus toxoids as antigens (1952)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13047328
Anaphylactic shock in the pertussis-vaccinated mouse (1952) The Journal of Allergy
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14938030
Anaphylactic shock in the pertussis-vaccinated mouse (1952) Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and and Medicine
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14930092
Anaphylactic shock in the albino rat (1958)
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1356763/?page=1
“The highest number of fatal reactions occur when H. pertussis vaccine is used as an accessory agent for sensitization (Malkiel & Hargis, 1952b).”
Aeroallergen contamination of multi-dose and reconstituted vaccine vials cause the development of asthma, gastrointestinal diseases and proves vaccine makers and vaccine safety regulators are incompetent
https://zenodo.org/record/2544038#.XE_ETWl7mUl
Influenza and acellular pertussis vaccines not only fail to protect, they increase susceptibility and severity of disease upon infection – benefits are overrated and the risks are being ignored
https://zenodo.org/record/2532167#.XE_L32l7mUk
Anectodal Reports of Vaccines causing anaphylaxis
‘So what do I eat?’ – Overwhelmed is how chef Breanne Mifflin felt after an adverse reaction to a flu shot left her allergic to many of her favourite foods. – Niagara This Week
‘I did everything that was expected of me’ – Grimsby mother shares story of vaccine injury – “It was 2009, the year of the swine flu or H1N1, that Thornhill learned she was expecting her first child. At the recommendation of the high-risk pregnancy clinic she was attending, and the encouragement of her own mother, Thornhill opted into getting a flu shot … Prior to getting the shot, Thornhill had a few allergies: dust and dander, pollen, mould, dogs and horses. She claims the flu shot left her with a whole host of new ones including gluten, dairy, eggs, fruits and some antibiotics. She says she rushed to the emergency room and she said her unborn child’s life was put in jeopardy after she consumed penicillin, something she had taken dozens of time over the span of her life.”
Anaphylaxis After Chickenpox Vaccine – “One month after her vaccination she had an anaphylactic reaction to a sliver of cashew. She had no previous history of allergy. The memory of cradling her blue limp body in my arms is seared into my memory. I thought she was going to die. It was not rocket science to link the anaphylaxis to the vaccination. I was determined to find out why this had happened and it became my mission to cure her.”
Vaccine recalls due to anaphylaxis
GSK Voluntary Recall of Menjugate® Liquid vaccine Lot #150401 – 07 March 2016 – “We have received reports of anaphylaxis observed over a short time-period in three teenage patients receiving Menjugate® Liquid (meningococcal serogroup C) vaccine.”
Batch of H1N1 vaccine recalled for severe reactions (2009) – A batch of swine flu vaccine is being pulled back for investigation after it appeared to cause higher rates of severe allergic reactions than other lots. – “The batch under investigation by the federal government and GlaxoSmithKline bears the lot number A80CA007A brand name Arepanrix, which is the version that contains adjuvant, a chemical additive that stretches supply and boosts immunity.”
Prevention
Chickenpox in childhood is associated with decreased atopic disorders, IgE, allergic sensitization, and leukocyte subsets
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1399-3038.2011.01224.x/abstract
“Conclusion: WTVZV up to 8 yr of age protects against atopic disorders, which is likely mediated by suppression of IgE production and allergic sensitization, as well as altered leukocyte distributions.”
Allergic disease and atopic sensitization in children in relation to measles vaccination and measles infection
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19255001
“OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to investigate the role of measles vaccination and measles infection in the development of allergic disease and atopic sensitization. … CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that measles infection may protect against allergic disease in children.”
Animal vaccines
Breed, smaller weight, and multiple injections are associated with increased adverse event reports within three days following canine vaccine administration
https://avmajournals.avma.org/view/journals/javma/aop/javma.23.03.0181/javma.23.03.0181.xml
“Vaccine components that have been identified as possible precipitating factors for hypersensitivity reactions include gelatin, egg protein, antibiotics, and latex in people.5 Some dogs with immediate hypersensitivity reactions following vaccination have been shown to have increased IgE reactivity to fetal calf serum, a product used as growth media in cell culture.6 Cell culture media may include albumin and other proteins of bovine origin, which are retained in canine vaccines, as evidenced by recent vaccine proteomic analysis.6,7 Manufacturing can seek to reduce or even remove such proteins to improve vaccine safety, but specific threshold concentrations that might elevate risk are unknown.”